- The journal maintains academic integrity, editorial independence, transparent publication practices and ethical research standards.
- Manuscripts are evaluated according to originality, relevance, methodological quality, ethical compliance and scholarly contribution.
- Plagiarism, duplicate submission, data fabrication, falsification, citation manipulation and misleading research practices are prohibited.
- Authorship is limited to individuals who have made a meaningful intellectual contribution to the research and manuscript.
- Authors, reviewers and editors must disclose all financial, institutional, professional or personal conflicts of interest.
- Research involving human participants, confidential information or sensitive data must obtain appropriate ethical approval and informed consent.
- Artificial-intelligence tools cannot be listed as authors, and material use of generative AI must be disclosed.
- Complaints and appeals should be submitted in writing with manuscript details, supporting evidence and a clear explanation of the concern.
- Published articles may be corrected, retracted or accompanied by an expression of concern where serious errors or misconduct are identified.
- The journal preserves published articles, metadata, corrections and retraction notices through stable webpages, archives and appropriate digital-preservation practices.
